IMAGINING THE CHILD’S MIND

In the period following the Second World War, several (international) initiatives brought the issue of children’s mental health to the forefront. The political will to address this area – undoubtedly shaped by an awareness of the war’s impact on new generations – was accompanied, affirmed, and in some respects even anticipated by developments in various academic and scientific fields that took on the task of understanding, guiding, and treating the “child’s mind.” Notably, the “psy” disciplines, pedagogy, criminology, social work, sociology, and anthropology entered into a shared and evolving dialogue on this subject. Child psychiatry established itself as a distinct medical discipline. Psychological perspectives contributed to a shift in the paradigm of childhood and suffering, partially supplanting earlier frameworks focused on morality and education.

The following decades witnessed an explosion of research into childhood mental disorders, their diagnosis, and classification – developments that certainly did not take place in a political, social, or cultural vacuum. Since both the concept of mental health and that of childhood – individually and in their interrelation – are historically, culturally, and socially constructed, the definitions and strategies used to address issues in relation to children’s mental health have differed across contexts and over time.

The conference aims to deepen our understanding of these distinctions through insights from researchers in the fields of history and related disciplines, with particular attention to the dynamics of change after 1945. The conference papers will explore how definitions of and responses to children’s mental health were shaped by the legal and institutional frameworks of individual states and international organisations, and how these definitions were subject to more or less explicit forms of political (mis)use. To what extent did the Second World War – and other major political transformations – constitute a turning point in shaping policies and practices related to children’s mental health across different contexts? How far were these measures and approaches determined by state authorities, and to what degree were they also influenced/shaped by various actors within the system – medical professionals, parents, and even children themselves? The papers will also encourage reflections on the ways in which scientific paradigms reflected, reproduced, or transcended ideological divisions between the Socialist and Capitalist states.

PROGRAMME

DAY 1

Thursday, January 29, 2026

09:00–09:15 Registration

09:15–09:30 Welcome speeches / Introduction 

9:30–10:30 Children between environment, heredity and politics, I

• Filippo Masina: Relief, Care, Re-education. Childhood and the Containment of “Deviance” in Postwar Italy, 1945–1968

• Matteo Perisinotto: Public Opinion and Juvenile Delinquency in Trieste During the Two Post-War Transition (1915–1918 and 1945–1949)

   

10:30–11:00 Coffee Break

11:00–12:00 Children between environment, heredity and politics, II

• Anna Toropova: Children’s Trauma in Late Stalinist Psychiatry and Culture
• Anne Oommen-Halbach: Child Aggression Research in the Shadow of War

12:00-13:00 Lunch

13:00–14:30 Child guidance and the “maladjusted child”

• Veena Roshan Jose: Art and Play as Windows to Trauma: Visual Narratives in Post-War Child Guidance Clinics
• Krittapak Ngamvaseenont: The Making of the “Modern Thai Mind”: Mental Hygiene, Child Guidance, Social Psychiatry, and Revolution
• Shilpi Rajpal: Making Good: Childhood, Maladjustment and Mental Hygiene in India

14:30–15:00 Coffee break

15:00–16:30 Institutional care and abuses

• Jelena Seferović Bosanska: Youth with Mental Challenges in Croatia at the Crossroads of Support and Punishment in 19th–20th Century
• Heiner Fangerau: “Improving the Pedagogical Scope?” The Medical Abuse of Children in the Federal Republic of Germany after the Second World War
• Laura Schettini: Between Abandonment, Business, and Criticism: Institutions for “Subnormal” Children in 1960s and 1970s Italy

DAY 2: 

Friday, January 30, 2026

09:00–10:30 Institutions, reforms and activism

• Marina Dal Cin: Child Mental Health and the Making of Care in a Border City: Evelina Ravis and the Medical-Pedagogical Institute of Trieste (1928–1954)
• Jesper Vaczy Kragh: Deprivation and Reform: Child Psychiatry and Institutional Care in Post-War Denmark
• Niamh Cullen: The Year 1968 and the Liberation of Children among Anti-Authoritarian and Feminist Activists in Italy

10:30–11:00 Coffee break

11:00–12:30 Research and the future citizen

• Kristen Loutenstock: Metaphors of Productivity: Diagnosing Autism and the Creation of the Child-Product
• Boontariga Puangkham: The Making of the Cold War Child Psyche. A Transcultural Perspective on Child Psy-Sciences in Thailand, 1950s–1970s
• Michael Pettit: Head Start or False Start? Great Society Social Programs and the Development of the Competent Child

12:30–13:30 Lunch break

13:30–15:00 War narratives through children’s eyes

• Shivender Rahul: The Witnessing Child: Memory, Trauma, and the Politics of Post-War Mental Health, 1945–1970
• Marilia Fotopoulou: “I Would Never Capture Migrants”: Rethinking Children’s Resilience through the Collections and Practices of the War Childhood Museum in Sarajevo
• Anna Di Giusto: When Institutions Fail: A Teacher’s Response to Unaccompanied Ukrainian Minors in Italy (2022–2024)

15:00–15:30 Final discussion

The conference will be held in English.

You are warmly invited to attend.